Physics and Engineering

Simple but cool explanation.

I-BIOT-SAWART

How do we obtain I-Biot-Sawart? We consider a point on a model whereby the size and permeability are those of the Earth.

Permeability of the medium material between P,P1 and globe rotation axis: As we are working with Earth model, therefore we suppose the permeability as one of Earth, the average of Iron (99.95%) (Because Earth core is assumed as Iron), and normal air (µ₀ =4π*10^-7N/A²). So we have: 

µ=1/2 (0.25+4π*10^-7) =0.12500126 N/A²

General formula for speed (v) of P: v=2πr/24*60*60 m/s, replace ‘’v’’ to Biot-Savart expression, we have :

dB=7.233869*10^-7*q/r (named as I-Biot-Savart).

Although the coefficient 7.233869*10^-7 is derived from µ, π and cycle (24 hrs), it is interpolated from Biot-Savart expression, so we name it as ‘’ interpolated Biot-Savart’’ or I-Biot-Savart for further reference.   

E.M ON AMAZON KINDLE

https://www.amazon.com/dp/1799165647

https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07PG44BMG

Dear  Readers,

You are welcome here to share my view, my way in scientific research.

-Where a mass is, there is a gravity field around.

-Where an electric charge is, there is an electric field around.

-Where a magnet is, there is a magnetic field around.                                                                                

Nonetheless, on the reverse wise of the above statement:

‘’Where a magnetic field is available, there is a magnet in it’’ creates a long debate; especially about Earth Magnetism. The debate does not just take a decade, it is prolonging in centuries.

I am not writing about an analogue to this: ‘’Where a mass is, there is a gravity field around’’; but basically I argue about Earth Magnetism that the field of Earth Magnetism is made out of the moves of many electric charges, then the Earth core or anything else is magnetized, reciprocally the apparent Earth Magnetic field is seen.

I trust and I am backed by a rule that ‘’Where an electric charge moves, there is a magnetic field to be induced’’, because that’s how the Earth Magnetism is built. The material in a magnetic field can be magnetized, as Faraday’s Law of Magnetic Induction did point out in history.

The way I go along is the way I share my view with you.

Although the problems and solutions in this book are quite theoretical but every assumption and solution depends on real data from many different researchers in the world. The work costs me decades.

Where are those electric charges? That is a question, and I got to find out the electric charges on the Earth, in atmosphere and in the space near our Earth.

This book ‘’The basic problems for Earth Magnetism’’ contains problems and solution to each of them.

The major theory used in this book is Biot-Savart and Ampere-Maxwell. The data used in this book are findings of NOAA, NASA and from many other data sources in the world.

The book is broken down into two major parts; the first is for problems of charges on Earth. The charge on Earth is realized long ago such as charged cloud and its opposite patch on Earth surface. I am not the first who figures out the charges, but a person who connects the area of world’s charged (thunder) cloud with air-earth current in every 24hr of our Earth rotation, even if no direct equation is given out for Earth Magnetism.

As matter of facts, the Earth is rotating around its own axis. Therefore every charge on it can induce magnetism to Earth.

Several people keep questioning me about the move of electric charge, I don’t respond directly to their question but hint that whether the speed 462 m/s of everything at Earth’s equator makes sense to them?!

The second part is for external charge such as one on Van Allen Belt and the other is on Moon. The charge on any of those above is obviously assumed, but depending on a reality that there is almost no absolutely neutral object found, which is neither negative nor positive. The principal: ‘’The more sun light strikes on an object surface, the more electrons it loses’’ did lead Albert Einstein to his invention of solar cell. The mentioned invention leads to assumption that the Moon has two opposite semi -spheres, the shined one is positive charged while the dark one is definitely negative. That is not it; the Moon is even not neutral or balanced in electric charge but is also lacking electrons. Lunar total charge may be positive sometime and keeps changing due to the change of solar radiation. My assumption does encounter a lot, certainly, critics. A predominant question is also a hint that if an object lacks of electron, its ambiance will provide electron; if the object is rich of electrons, the protons from its ambiance will come to balance it. This question actually is still in the invention of Albert Einstein.

The last major question in my debate with other people is ‘’Why do the magnetic poles stay away from Earth’s true poles?’’, although I mentioned in the preamble that I never work with rotors or anything inside the Earth. But I do propose a non-professional answer that each plate is a huge magnet in general Earth Magnetic field; the poles in apparent Earth Magnetic field are shaped by the total of every individual magnetic field of all continents and plates. Definitely, many people are not satisfied with such a non-professional answer and go forward with another question that the North magnetic pole is drifting toward Russia, and the drifting is the beginning of flipping which will happen in 1000 year time, can charge move help to stop it? Although this book is not written about the magnetic pole flipping, and I don’t believe in the conclusion that the magnetic pole drifting; but anyway I point out that the African continent is moving northward as fast as 8 inches/year. Look at our Earth again; we may realize that Americas continent is Earth’s back bone while Africa and Euro-Asia are moving northward, whereby Africa is much faster than Euro-Asia.

Certainly many people are not satisfied with my answer; they have no choice but wait to read the research result from world scientists who study that subject.

For the 1^st publishing on Amazon Kindle, I would like to give ‘’I-Biot-Sawart’’ expression for anyone who attempts to calculate how much an electric charge on Earth surface can contribute to Earth Magnetism.

In order to apply I-Biot-Sawart expression, we need to have value of electric charge (q) and a table of distance to Earth rotation axis (the ‘’r’’).

With I-Biot-Sawart (Interpolated Biot-Sawart), we can state that: if I am given with a charge and its position on our global coordinates, I can calculate right away how much that charge contributes to Earth Magnetism.

This publishing is bearing in it a great thank to the Late Professor Nguyen Dinh Noan, and PhD Vu Bang for encourage and great help during I study this subject.

Thank for your kind attention.

Ho Chi Minh City March 9, 2019 

NV Cuong

Earth's Magnetism in HD

E.M plays as a shield that defends our planet.

This is amazing clip.

MAXWELL EQUATIONS WITH E.M

(This article comprises of 3 parts: The first is, almost about the curl operator (likely a copy from manual book) and a half of Maxwell differential equation; the second and third parts are totally written by author. An important note is that the equation can be solved only with time and place; furthermore almost every quantity in the problem is vector. You can understand and debate more after reading through.)

I-                 Maxwell differential equation:

The equation set is named after the physicist and mathematician James Clerk Maxwell.

Curl of B or

is a differential equation in the set of following several equations:

Figure 01-Set of Maxwell equations

From Maxwell-Faraday to Maxwell’s addition on Ampere, the relation between magnetic field and electric field is formulated. The consequence is that a magnetic field induces the electric field to change or vice versa. This is fundamental to electromagnetic wave theory, and by such pattern the electromagnetic wave is transmitted.

By mathematics manual, the equation is solved as following:

If a given ‘’B’’ is

The vector quantity ‘’B’’ is almost unique to any position in the world.

The curl of B in the Cartesian coordinate is:

Where unit vector ‘’x’’ indicates that the value before it is on ‘’x’’ wise, or( is on ‘’x’’ direction or illustrating the functioning of By and Bz on ‘’x’’. It is ditto to ‘’y’’ and ‘’z’’ for each of 2 other directions.

The ‘’Curl of B’’ may be understood as B gradient with compositions on ‘’x’’, on ‘’y’’ and on ‘’z’’.

Since the mid-20th century, the Maxwell's equations are realized as giving out un-accurate result, ‘’but a classical limit of the fundamental theory of quantum electrodynamics.’’ An example of non-accurate result is its application to Earth Magnetism.

Notwithstanding, for the sake of explaining 24-hr E.M revolution, Ampere’s circuital law (with Maxwell’s addition) in differential equation is applied. That equation is to be reviewed.

 II-Problem of 𝜵*B=µ₀*(J +Ɛ₀* δE/δt):

1-Twin graph of J and gradient of E:

The following graph is built out of real data that observed at Tirunelveli (South India). Both plots on this graph (gradient of atmospheric electric potential ‘’E’’ and density of air-earth current‘’J’’) are averaged in every minute; one is in proportion with the other (fig. 02).

Figure 2- The air-earth current ‘’J’’ is averaged in every minute, observed with Wilson antenna(broken line).The continuous line is performing the gradient of atmospheric potential that measured with passive antenna at Tirunelveli on 25 April 2007 (reference to Atmosphere Electric of NOAA).

After every 24hr interval, both ‘’J’’ and ‘’E’’ (refer to the graph of figure 2) vary and especially their fluctuation repeat (24hr) on global scale except at locales where some specific matter effects on those 2 figures.

We may ask whether the fluctuations of ‘’J’’ and ’’E’’ contribute to Earth Magnetism and explained by Ampere-Maxwell equation?

Definitely the answer must be ‘’yes’’, and it is right in the Wikipedia for ‘’Ampère's law with Maxwell's addition the Ampere rule with Maxwell addendum says that magnetism can be created by both electric current(Ampere) and changing electric fields. This statement affirms that the fluctuations of both ‘’E’’ (potential gradient) and ‘’J’’ displacement current are inducing Earth Magnetism.

For Earth Magnetism, the contribution from atmospheric electric is obviously as mentioned above. But we need more argument anyway, if the terrestrial magnetic field is belonging to one of an individual magnetic bar, the above mentioned reason for Earth Magnetism ‘’Electric field change’’ may be accepted as the major; or implies: the atmospheric electric potential and displacement current vary to induce Earth Magnetism.

Actually the Earth Magnetism is a set of fields that induced by the moving of many electric charges, definitely neither just the fluctuations ‘’J’’ and ‘’E’’ nor a field of such a powerful magnetic bar inside the Earth core. But the Earth is magnetized by magnetic fields and then the fields expand outward from the Earth.

Notwithstanding we do carry out an express review to Ampere-Maxwell once as to consider ‘’J’’ and ‘’E’’ in the graph on figure 2.

General description in brief:

-The homographic plots are built out of real data that observed at Tirunelveli (South India). Both two quantities, air-earth current and gradient of atmospheric voltage, are fluctuating, and its fluctuation is repeated after every 24 hrs.

-The horizontal line is for time that calibrated in 60 minutes (1hr.)or 1440 minutes in 24 hrs.

-Assumption: Each 60 minute segment equals to 1 segment of 10 V/m on vertical line that performs gradient of atmospheric voltage, meantime equals to ½ of a segment on another vertical line which performs the density of air-earth current.

The world scientists spend a lot of time to debate about this problem, eventually they all recognise what happened as realities. I do explain about this question in ‘’Chapter I’’ of the book: ‘’the Earth Magnetism and some basic problems with sea-land surface, atmosphere, Van-Allan bell and Moon’’. The explanation in there also implies that the above graph may changes a bit in accordance with the change of position of the Sun relative to the Earth.

-The above graph is to apply worldwide because the data are recognised as the same for everywhere in the world. 

-There are always, within 24 hrs., 2 moments when air-earth current almost reaches zero while potential gradients are still hung at 100V/m or a bit better (the minute 175^th and minute 785^th). The plots are built of real data, therefore they don’t look similar to any standard graph such as Sin, Cos or Tg...

-There are many parts of those plots likely straight, some of the straight line is forward slash while some other is backward slash.

Figure 04- ‘’J’’ and ‘’E’’plots-Red colour column indicate‘’rising up’’,

while the grey is for falling down.

My way is to attribute a certain straight line to each part of ‘’E’’ plot. Seek for specific differentiation of potential gradient of ‘’E’’ on ‘’t’’ (time) in that part (  ).

Some tiny problem will be setup and sorted out during Q&A.

Q&A:

Q1-When does 𝛛E/𝛛t reach 0 in each 24hr interval?

Throughout a 24hr interval, the ‘’E’’ and ‘’J’’ graphs are rising up and falling down many times, the values of 𝛛E/𝛛t at every peak and every bottom are zero because where the tangent line are horizontal or parallel to (t) line.

Figure 05 –At every peak or bottom, the value of 𝛛E/𝛛t may reach Zero

Approximately 𝛛E/𝛛t may reach zero value at the following times 60, 90, 180, 400, 510, 640, 785, 1085, 1145, 1265^th minutes.

When 𝛛E/𝛛t reaches zero, the value of 𝜵*B may be considered as function of ‘’J’’ only:

𝜵*B=µ₀*J

As matter of facts, in the circumstances when 𝛛E/𝛛t=0, when 𝜵*B= µ₀*J; the value of ‘’J’’ plays no important role, while the trend of electric field does. Refer to figure 04 above, right after minutes 179-180th, or at 510^th, 785^th, 1145^th the value of 𝜵*B or gradient of B almost rocketing of falling down sharply.

Q2-The value of 𝜵*B at minute 960^th GMT (The popular slope within 24hrs.)?

On figure 4, the minute 960^th is belonging to a red part of the graph, it is rising. To solve this problem, we need the homographic graph for ‘’J’’ and ‘’E’’ (From NOAA), with some additional lines on it.

+We can find the value of ‘’J’’ at minute 960^th by drawing a vertical-straight line through 960, we get Nand M when it meets the plot of ‘’J’’ and ‘’E’’.

From N, draw a horizontal line parallel with time line, it meets O’E’ at K; Position of K on O’E’ is to indicate value of ‘’J’’ which is approximately 0.62*10^-12 Amp/m2.

+From M, graph of gradient E is approximately on a line that meets time line at D(approximately it is t=730). The line in 2D coordinates should be:

(y=ax+b).

+In order to find out 𝛛E/𝛛t, we consider a function of ‘’E’’ in the form y=ax+b at minute 960 GMT.

E=at+b (‘’t’’ is short for ‘’time’’), a=tg (MDH)) (This function is set up for M and its adjacency only).

𝛛E/𝛛t = a (Applied for the function of E=at+b).

Figure 6-Gradient E and displacement J with some additional lines at minute 960^th.

The point M is chosen at a positive part of (forward and popular slope) of 24hr plot of gradient ‘’E’’.The line MD coincide with a part of the above plot and its function is: y=ax+b.

We got to set and solve a problem.With t=960, E=Em≈168 V/m and whent=730^th, E=80 V/m. The results are:

a≈(168-80)/(960-730)=0.3826 and b≈-199.296

Thus, the function for E at t=960^thcan be:

E=0.3826t - 199.296

Value of 𝛛E/𝛛t=0.3826 (indicates the slope of the line tangent to a curve at the intended point). The function for E as mentioned is applicable to the point M and its adjacencies only. For other parts of that plot, both ‘’a’’ and ‘’b’’ will be attributed with some different values.

With ‘’J’’=0.62 pA*m^-2 at t=960 (1 pAmp/m2=10^-12 Amp/m2, µ₀=4π*10^-7, Ɛ₀ =5*10^-15 (average between 3*10^-15and8*10^-15. Furthermore, we should note that 1 pA=10^-12 Ampere).

𝜵*B=µ₀*(J +Ɛ₀* )=4π*10^-7*(0.62*10^-12+5*10^-15*0.3826)=

=12.56637*10^-7*(620*10^-15+5*10^-15*0.3826)=12.56637*10^-7*621.913*10^-15

=7.81519*10³*10^-15*10^-7=7.81519*10^-19

𝜵*B=7.81519*10^-19

This is value of 𝜵*B at minute 960^th GMT on daily basis.

-The value of 𝜵*Bat minute 960^th GMT is found as an example that indicates that we are capable to find out value of 𝜵*B at any time in a day. As long as ‘’E’’ and ‘’J’’ fluctuate with 24hr revolution, the value of 𝜵*B does the same, and it can be considered as daily revolution of Earth Magnetism.

Q3-When and where we find 𝜵*B<0?

𝜵*B=µ₀*(J +Ɛ₀* δE/δt)

Let’s solve this problem:

If (J +Ɛ₀* )<0

Then < -J/Ɛ₀

When the value of ‘’E’’ is falling down, definitely  δE/δt  <0, but this problem requires a certain ‘’J’’.

The quantity ‘’J’’ varies within 0 and 1.25*10^-12, while Ɛ₀ does not change often, we supposed that

Ɛ₀ is average between 3*10^-15 and 8*10^-15, and assumed as 5*10^-15.

When ‘’J’’ is rather high, let’s consider J=1.25*10^-12 Amp/m² in our example, then: Then ≈-250, this is a slope of the ray that nearly vertical downward (89⁰ 43’).

If we consider ‘’J’’ at sometimes when its value is low, such as the duration from minute 150^th to minute 160^th, J ≈  0.05*10^-12 Amp/m2. The same calculation as above is applied, we obtain:

≈-10, equivalent to tg of an angle 84⁰15’ downward.

Figure 6a-Angle of 84⁰15’ downward.

In brief, we can realize that the lower ‘’J’’ the more possible for 𝜵*B<0. Nonetheless, no matter how much the value of 𝜵*B gets lower under zero, this is to indicate that the amplitude of Earth Magnetism is getting down due to the fluctuation of displacement current ‘’J’’ and potential gradient ‘’E’’, they expect to be the same in the next day; and nothing else about the average of Earth Magnetic Magnitude.

Anyhow, this is not more than a calculation for 𝜵*B,some more attract our attention are the sources that induce the Earth Magnetism, someone are from the electric charges on the Earth and in the atmosphere;while some other ones are in Near Earth Space.

Q3-How is the influence from potential gradient ‘’E’’ and displacement current ‘’J’’ to Earth Magnetism?

By Maxwell, as matter of facts, the variation of electric field can induce the magnetism. We even do some review for questions 1 and 2. However, for a better pragmatic concept, another figure is to be considered: The fluctuation of total area of thunderstorm in the world.

Figure 7–The fluctuation of global thunderstorm area (km2).

Almost every electric and magnetic incident in the world is created and developed by‘’J’’ and ‘’E’’ as discussed in several paragraphs before, and even in this essay. But the conspicuous subject is the total area of thunderstorm in the world, the figure 7 above is an important reference from NOAA.

In general, the fluctuation of total thunderstorm area in above graph is explained as consequence of ‘’E’’ and ‘’J’’ fluctuation, the displacement current ‘’J’’ variation makes the value of charge on Earth surface changed, and then one place is different from the other. Consequently, the charge on land surface contributes to Earth Magnetism (Chapter I-Air-Earth current and Chapter II-Contributions from Land & Sea surfaces to Earth Magnetism by Biot-Sawart laws.)

The move that makes the electric charge on the Earth surface changed in order to change the Earth Magnetism at all time.

(Problem (this can be a reference to student or lecturer): The contributions from sea surface and land surface to Earth Magnetism at 13hrs GMT? If The Earth is neutral or total charges on land surface and sea surface is null, every land square km under thunderstorm cloud is charged with 10⁶ Coulomb.)

Q4 – Is any electromagnetic wave created from atmosphere electric?

Electric field fluctuation is to induce magnetic field and vis-a-versa. This is traditional electromagnetic theory in science, it is also fundamental theory of electromagnetic wave transmission, and it is known to the world.

By the theory mentioned above, the fluctuation of electric field described in figure 2 can be viewed as an oscillation which produces one or several electromagnetic waves. The waves are emitted into universe with such a huge power that nothing can stop or consume them all…

The electromagnetic wave detectors on board spaceship can realize these waves from Earth.

Figure 8-Basic frequency (Left)and the form of original wave (Right) incorporated in 1 coordinate for comparison(Cited from Fourier manual)

All waveforms, no matter what you scribble or observe in the universe, are actually just the sum of simple sinusoids of different frequencies.(Fourier)

My own speculation, the 2 obvious waves can be detected from outer space are wave of T≈k1*640’, and T≈k2*1600’are popular with huge output regardless the capacitor-coil are found or not.

Figure 9 – Principal description of electromagnetic wave creator.

CONCLUSION:

-Although the homograph of E and J are applied everywhere in the world.

-Although the differential equation of Ampere-Maxwell does not bring us an accurate outcome for Earth Magnetic magnitude at any time. But the gradient of Earth Magnetism (𝜵*B=µ₀*(J +Ɛ₀*δE/δt)) at any time is found throughout every 24hrs to affirm that: if revolution of the two quantities (E and J) is 24 hr. time, then the revolution of Earth Magnetism revolution is 24hr too.

There are several magnetic inducers to Earth Magnetism found, therefore every calculation depending on functions of atmospheric electric field and displacement current can’t bring satisfactory result. So, we can’t claim Ampere-Maxwell equation a perfect instrument for predicting the current value of Earth Magnetism.

Another reason for above negative comment is that the Earth Magnetic vector does not just vary in time, but also at location where the vector is observed; while Ampere-Maxwell may give out a result that depends only on GMT.

-Although the fluctuation of ‘’E’’ and ‘’J’’ –as above considered with Ampere-Maxwell equations--may influence to Earth Magnetism ambiguously. But consequence of the fluctuation--the thunderstorm area--is an important figure that contributes enormously to Earth Magnetism and makes it varying with revolution of 24hr (discussed in chapter III).

-The Earth in its atmosphere with Ion layers establish a unit in the universe, that unit is creating electromagnetic waves and emitting them into the universe.

I hope that one day, a certain satellite in outer space will detect those emitting waves; these are created by nature and from Earth. Unlike the known waves from Earth, these mentioned waves are produced in Earth atmosphere with unknown output. The waves are produced continuously, unlimited power and non-stoppable. They are voices broadcasting from our Earth.

  

Hanoi Nov. 30th 2018
Nguyen Van Cuong
Advisor/Editor: Phd. Vu Bang

EARTH HISTORY RE-CONSIDERATION

(Geologist Edward Young, Theia, Moon, collision, impact)

The Earth core is assumed to be a ‘’globe’’ with another smaller ‘’globe’’ in it; so far they are named as ‘’outer core’’ and ‘’inner core’’. This essay is to discuss about re-consideration to the core(s) on basis of updated information about gravity from NASA and some other space researching bodies.

I-NASA GRAVITY MAP:

How was the Earth established?

Figure 1-Gravity map with data observed by GRACE (Credited to NASA, updated on May 14^th 2017)

The above Figure ‘’1’’ is re-built by the real NASA data, which are harvested by some satellites in observing the Earth gravity. The following is a quote from a title of NASA news:

‘’The joint –NASA-German Aerospace Centre Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission has released its first science product, the most accurate map yet of Earth’s gravity field. GRACE is the newest tool for scientists working to unlock secrets of ocean circulation and its effect on climate.

Created from 111 days of selected GRACE data to help calibrate and validate the mission’s instruments, this preliminary model improves knowledge of the gravity field so much it is being released to oceanographers now, months in advance of the scheduled start of routine GRACE science operations. The data are expected to significantly improve our ability to understand ocean circulation, which strongly influences weather and climate.’’

Although the Earth has been established in almost 4.5 billion years ago, since then there are lot of changes on the Earth; nowadays it looks as a perfect sphere. But actually (by NASA gravity map in figure 1) the evidence is still like alive despite the change in billions of years. The present Earth is made out of 2 major parts: 

Figure 2-Junction of 2 parts.

Junction is un-covered.

Despite there are bundles of hypothesis about the Earth and Moon establishment, every of them claims recognition; this evidence is to confirm the giant impact  hypothesis of Geologist Edward Young. The collision between another planet and our primitive Earth left evidence behind, that is junction, let’s go further with it.  

In order to understand the ‘’why’’, the following net force or vector addition rule is employed:

Figure 3 - On-junction gravity is less than on-main-body one.

+Junction: The dark blue trace is nearly about Earth’s longitude and getting through India, China and Russia over Artic…and Atlantic is assumed to be the junction between the two mentioned parts. The Gravity at Arctic and the channel between Argentine and Antarctic continent are normal, this is another issue in the subject that requires more research.

+ On-junction gravity is less than on-main-body: The gravity observed at junction or border between the two parts (each gravity centre is belonging to a different part) is less than normal because:

Two vectors make the largest total when the angle between them is 0⁰, this is known to the world.

II-EARTH IS A PLANET OF TWEEN GRAVITY CENTRES:

What we should debate is the tween gravity-centre structure of our present Earth.

The tween gravity centre planet is made out of a combination of one and the other, the annexation is assumed to be made by collision; if it was not known to us before, it is debated today. The following is a quote from Wikipedia dictionary:

By the Moon's origin  ‘’The Moon is an astronomical body that orbits planet Earth and is Earth's only permanent natural satellite. It is the fifth-largest natural satellite in the Solar System, and the largest among planetary satellites relative to the size of the planet that it orbits (its primary). The Moon is after Jupiter's satellite LO, the second-densest satellite in the Solar System among those whose densities are known.

The Moon is thought to have formed about 4.51 billion years ago, not long after Earth. The most widely accepted explanation is that the Moon is formed from the debris left over after a giant impact between Earth and a Mars-sized body called Theia.’’

The above explanation is accepted and certainly my argument is about it.

a)-More demonstration needed:

In addition to the assumed demonstration on Wikipedia for Theia the following ‘’equation’’ can explain a bit more on term of structure and power in the process:

Figure 4-My Earth Collision Equation

‘’a’’ is a planet (Theia) or a huge comet in solar system.

‘’b’’ is our primitive Earth (in the shape of recent found comet Rosetta, (ESA Image)).

‘’E’’ is denoted for the Earth with the latest gravity data (NASA Image), mind that the Earth does not look like that without water in the oceans.

‘’M’’ is the Moon, debris after collision.

b-Non-aligned or head-on collision:

Almost collision that happened when one collider’s gravity centre locating on the same moving line with the other is assumed as head-on collision; the followings are examples:

+Two bricks on rail.

+Two wagons on a rail.

+Two globes of pure material (un-pure material globe may have gravity centre off from its geometric centre).

+Two pure cylinders standing straight upward, one moves toward the other than hit.

Otherwise, the collisions that gravity centre of one collider is not on the same moving line with the other, are assumed as non-aligned. Consequence of non-aligned collision always includes a moment or a change in spinning wise and speed.

Figure 5-Non-aligned collision

-The ‘’equation’’ in (Figure 4) is to depict a process when a planet ‘’a’’ merges with planet ‘’b’’, the products are present Earth and the Moon. The Earth after collision is not just in a new shape, but also with new structure as following illustration:

Figure 6-New structure of our Earth

The individual gravity centre of each part might be proposed as following:

Figure 7-New structure with new gravity centres

As assumption repeated more than twice, the collision between Earth and Theia is head-on type, but actually there is rare head-on collision but non-aligned one in natural reality. The reason is quite simple that there is no perfect pure globe or cylinder found in nature, or the way one moves along is always out of the way where the other moves along. On the other hand, the shape of each is never a perfect square or perfect global in nature…therefore, the head-on collision is hardly found, so every collision leads to both deformation and spinning change, which is not debated in this title.

Although we have neither image of primitive Earth nor the Theia, but have title to suppose that each of them is a certain globe, so those two globes after collision might become a combination as above illustration, where the part left by Theia on our Earth is yellow or yellow half. The original core of Theia and its gravity centre are eliminated after collision then a new gravity centre of yellow half is established.

-Evidence:

+Diamond is never produced in normal condition but very high pressure and temperature. Notwithstanding, the diamonds are found near Earth surface or even in open mines of Africa, those evidences are indicating that Africa rock and soil used to be at very deep layer and belonging to Theia planet. This argument may lead to an assumption that there is still some diamond on Moon surface, this is quite in a normal logic, but nobody can suggest where on the Moon is rich of diamonds.

At present there are several hypothesises explaining that the diamond of Africa is floated up from deep layer by impact of collision or what so ever since billions years ago, while metal is always on one way to Earth’s core without return, the diamond should be assumed to be on the move of the same wise as metal.

+The lunar rocks  and soil from Moon are stored at NASA; although experiment in lab with them is facing some difficult, I believe that they will be successful in proving that the relation between Moon and Earth is substantial in the wise that rock and soil are common somewhere. The sample rock, anyhow need to be collected from larger area on the Moon as well as Earth surface.

Conclusion

-The gravity map issued by NASA reveals a‘’junction’’ which can be like a disk that created by the collision between our Earth and another planet, that used to be named as Theia (Wikipedia for Moon).

-The gravity centre of each is still viewed as independent to the other; the junction disk is assumed as very hard to be beaten through; at least there is no evidence of breaking through.

-The Earth’s core is in the junction of the historic collision and approximately in the middle of Earth’s rotation axis. The junction is a product of ‘’metallurgy’’ during colliding, it must be at good heat conduction or heat transferring. For heat conduction, the evidence is that the temperature at either the Northern or Southern Pole never been chilled to -90⁰C while it might be -150⁰ C in space near the Earth; this fact is realized as the Poles are warmed up by the heat from Earth core.

Therefore, the Earth core is assumed as cooler than all sides around.

Hanoi 29^th June 2018

Nguyen Van Cuong